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L. Kubin and R. O. Davies are in the Dept. of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine; A. I. Pack is in the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Dept. of Medicine; and are all members of the Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 991 Maloney Building/HUP, 3600 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104–4283, USA.
The loss of tone in upper airway muscles contributes to disorders of breathing during sleep. In an animal model of rapid eye movement sleep atonia, decrements in the activity of upper airway motoneurons are caused by withdrawal of excitation mediated by serotonin and other transmitters, rather than by state-dependent inhibition.
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