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J. M. Krueger and J. Fang are in the Dept. of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. M. K. Hansen and J. Zhang are in the Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of TennesseeMemphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. F. Obál, Jr., is in the Dept. of Physiology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary.
Cytokines and hormones, including interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, growth hormone-releasing hormone, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and prolactin, are involved in sleep regulation. These substances enhance sleep, inhibition of them inhibits sleep, and their brain levels vary with sleep. This knowledge helps our understanding of the humoral regulation of sleep.
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