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Calcium, Cross-Bridges, and the Frank-Starling Relationship

Franklin Fuchs and Stephen H. Smith

F. Fuchs is in the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. S. H. Smith is in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612.
The steep relationship between active force and length in cardiac muscle is based on a length dependence of myofilament Ca²⁺ sensitivity. However, it is not muscle length but the lateral spacing between actin and myosin filaments that sets the level of Ca²⁺ sensitivity, mainly through modulation of myosin-mediated activation of the thin filament.

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