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Physiology 22: 145-152, 2007; doi:10.1152/physiol.00045.2006
1548-9213/07 $8.00
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Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 2, 145-152, April 2007
© 2007 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.

REVIEW

Direct and Indirect Cortico-Motoneuronal Pathways and Control of Hand/Arm Movements

Tadashi Isa1,2,3, Yukari Ohki4, Bror Alstermark5, Lars-Gunnar Pettersson6 and Shigeto Sasaki7

1 Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan;
2 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan;
3 The Graduate School for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan;
4 Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan;
5 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Physiology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden;
6 Department of Physiology, Göteborg, University, Göteborg, Sweden; and
7 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan tisa{at}nips.ac.jp

Recent studies from our group have demonstrated the existence of a disynaptic excitatory cortico-motoneuronal (CM) pathway in macaque monkeys via propriospinal neurons in the midcervical segments. Results from behavioral studies with lesion of the direct pathway suggest that the indirect CM pathway can mediate the command for dexterous finger movements.

Since the initial proposal by Bernhard, Bohm, and Petersén (15), in most of the literature, the "CM system" has been taken to indicate the monosynaptic connection. In this article, we use the terminology "direct" and "indirect" CM systems, to indicate the fact that both types of pathways exist in the primate and that the significance of the "indirect" pathway should not be underestimated.




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